Harvard Referencing
What is
referencing? Why
reference? Steps
involved in referencing How
to cite references within the text of an assignment How
to create a reference list Examples
of types of printed references Examples
of types of electronic references More
information
What is referencing?
Referencing is
a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and
ideas that you have used in your assignment, in a way that uniquely
identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as
well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished
works must be referenced. There are many acceptable forms of
referencing. This information sheet shows the Harvard referencing
style. In this system the author's name is given first, followed by
the publication date within the text of the assignment. A reference
list at the end of the assignment contains full details of all the
in-text citations.
It is very important that you check your department's or
school's assignment guide as some details, e.g. punctuation, may
vary from the guidelines on this sheet. You may be penalised for not
conforming to your school's requirements.
Why reference?
Referencing is
necessary to avoid plagiarism; to enable the reader to verify
quotations; and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully
the cited author's arguments.
Steps involved in
referencing
- Take down
the full bibliographical details including the page number(s) from
which the information is taken.
In the case
of a book, "bibliographical details" refers to:
author/editor year of
publication title
edition volume number
place of publication and publisher. (Not all of
these details will necessarily be applicable).
In the case
of a journal article it refers to:
author of article year of
publication title of article
journal/serial title volume
number issue number
page numbers on which the article appears.
In the case
of electronic information it refers to:
author/editor year of
publication article title
journal title the type of medium
(e.g. CD-ROM, Online, etc.) pages or
length "Available" statement (e.g. WWW
address, supplier and name of electronic database, Email address,
etc.) access date (Not all of these
details will necessarily be applicable.)
- Insert the
citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document
(see examples below).
- Provide a
reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).
How
to cite references within the text of an
assignment
When citing references within the
text of an assignment use only the name of the author, followed by
the year of publication.
Larsen (1971) was the
first to propound the theory.
OR
The theory was first
propounded in 1970 (Larsen 1971).
When directly quoting from another
source, ensure that quotation marks are used and the relevant page
number(s) are given.
Larsen (1971, p. 245)
noted that "many of the facts in this case are incorrect".
OR
"Many of the facts in
this case are incorrect" (Larsen 1971, pp. 245-6).
Refer to Sections 14.70 - 14.74 of
the AGPS Style Manual for more details on citing direct quotations.
Works with no author: When a work has no author (including
legal materials) or the author is anonymous, cite in-text the first
few words of the reference list entry (usually the title) and the
year. Use italics for the title as follows:
This was apparently not
the case in seventeenth-century England (On Travelling to
London 1683).
OR
On travelling to
London
(1683) reveals that this was not true.
Multiple authors: When a work by two or three authors
is cited in parentheses, the textual reference should be as:
(Larsen & Green
1987) (Larsen, Green & Withers 1987)
When the authors' names are
incorporated in the text, the ampersand is replaced by 'and':
Larsen and Green (1987)
were unable.... Larsen, Green and Withers (1987) agreed....
For a work that has more than three
authors, only the surname of the first listed author is used,
followed by the expression 'et al.' (or 'and others'). For example,
a work by Larsen, Green, Withers and Gonzales becomes:
Larsen et al. (1987)
have found.... ....is the best example (Larsen et al. 1987).
Refer to Sections 9.24 - 9.52 of the
AGPS Style Manual for more examples of in-text references.
Citing a Web site:To cite
a Web page within the text of an assignment, give the address of the
site (e.g. http://www.apa.org). To cite a document from a Web
site you must follow the author/date format. In both cases an entry
will still be required in the reference list. How to create a Reference
List
A list of references contains details
only of those works cited in the text. If relevant sources that are
not cited in the text are included, the list is called a
bibliography.
The Reference List is arranged
alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by
its title, and ordered in the reference list or bibliography in
sequence by the first significant word of the title.
The Harvard style requires the second
and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented, as shown
below, to highlight the alphabetical
order. Examples of types of printed
references:
Articles/chapters in
book:
Bibliographic details are arranged in
the sequence:
author of chapter year of
publication chapter title title of book editor(s) of
book publisher place of publication article or chapter
pages
Article or chapter in a
book
Blaxter, M. 1976.
'Social class and health inequalities', in Equalities and
Inequalities in Health, eds C. Carter & J. Peel, Academic
Press, London, pp.120-135.
Article or chapter in a book (no
author)
'Solving the Y2K
problem' 1997, in Technology Today and Tomorrow, ed. D. Bowd,
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, p. 27.
Article in an
encyclopaedia
Stafford-Clark, D.
1987. 'Mental disorders and their treatment', in The New
Encyclopedia Britannica, 5th edn., vol. 23, Chicago,
Encyclopaedia Britannica, pp. 956-975.
Book
Bibliographic
details are arranged in the sequence:
author/
editor(s) year of publication title of book edition of
book publisher place of publication
Book with a single
author
Adam-Smith, P. 1978.
The ANZACS, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne.
Book with 2 authors
Butler, J. D. &
Walbert, D.F. (eds) 1986. Abortion, Medicine and the Law,
Facts on File Publications, New York.
Book with 3 or more
authors
Leeder, S. R., Dobson,
A. J., Gibberd, R. W. & Patel, N. K. 1996. The Australian
Film Industry, Dominion Press, Adelaide.
Book with no author (note
edition)
The Australian Concise
Oxford Dictionary 1992. 2nd edn, Oxford
University Press, Melbourne.
Refer to Sections 9.57
- 9.99 of the AGPS Style Manual for more examples of references to
books.
Government and
Parliamentary Publications
Act of
Parliament
Copyright Act 1968
(Cwlth), ss. 1-3.
Australian Bureau of Statistics
bulletin
Australian Bureau of
Statistics, 1985. Domestic travel and tourism survey, Australia,
1983, Cat. no. 9216.0, ABS, Canberra.
Government report
Office of the Status of
Women 1981. Fair Exposure, AGPS, Canberra.
Refer to Sections 9.125
- 9.132 of the AGPS Style Manual for more examples of references to
government and parliamentary publications.
Journal
Article
Bibliographic details are arranged in
the sequence:
author of journal article year of
publication article title title of journal volume of
journal issue number of journal article pages
Journal article
Dewhirst, C. 1986. 'Hot
air over the Himalayas', World Geographic, vol. 1, no. 4, pp.
44-45.
Journal article (no
author)
'Anorexia
nervosa'
1969. British Medical Journal, 1, 529-530.
Newspaper article
Legge, K. 1987. 'Labor
to cost the "Keating Factor"', Times on Sunday, 1 Feb., p. 2.
Refer to Sections 9.100 - 9.116 of
the AGPS Style Manual for more examples of references to journal
articles.
More than one
item by the same author published in the same year
Dewhirst, C. 1986a. 'Hot
air over the Himalayas', World Geographic, vol. 1, no. 4, pp.
44-45.
Dewhirst, C. 1986b.
'Cold water around the Antarctic', World Geographic, vol. 1,
no. 5, pp. 32-39.
ERIC Document
(microfiche)
Davis, R.K.
& Lombardi, T.P. 1996. 'The quality of life of rural high school
special education graduates: A follow-up study', in Rural Goals
2000: Building Programs that Work [Microfiche]. Available: ERIC
Document: ED394765.
Personal
Conversation
Doe, J., Lecturer at
Durban Institute of Technology 2002. Conversation with the author,
14 Apr.
Videorecording
Apartheid did not
Die
(video recording) 1998. London, Carlton International, Written and
produced by John Pilger.
Journal Article
Bibliographic details are arranged in
the sequence:
author of journal article year of
publication article title title of journal type of medium
(use "Electronic" if you are unsure if it is online or networked
CD-ROM) volume of journal issue number of journal article
pages or indication of length "available" statement:
supplier/database name/identifier or number if available/item or
accession number access date
Journal article abstract from
Electronic Database
Ryles, R. 1996.
[Abstract of 'The impact of braille reading skills on employment,
income, education and reading habits', Journal of Visual
Impairment and Blindness, vol. 90, no. 3, pp. 219-226],
[Electronic], Available: Silver Platter File: CINAHL/1996036756
[1997, June 7].
Full text journal article from CD-ROM
(BPO)
La Rosa, S.M. 1992.
'Marketing slays the downsizing dragon', Information Today,
[CD-ROM], vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 58-59, Available: UMI/Business
Periodicals Ondisc/92-20889 [1999, Jan. 15].
Full text journal article from
Electronic Database
Sale, P. & Carey,
D.M. 1995. 'The sociometric status of students with disabilities in
a full inclusion school', Exceptional Children [Electronic],
vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 6-22, Available: Information Access/Expanded
Academic ASAP/A17435391 [1998, June 12].
Fulltext journal article from an
Electronic Journal
Skargren, E. I. &
Öberg, B. 1998. 'Predictive factors for 1-year outcome of low-back
and neck pain in patients treated in primary care: comparison
between the treatment strategies chiropractic and physiotherapy',
Pain [Electronic], vol. 77, no. 2, 201(7pp.), Available:
Elsevier/ScienceDirect/S0304- 3959(98)00101-8 [1999, Feb.
8].
Article from Curtin Electronic
Reserve
Avgerou, C, Siemer, J.
& Bjørn-Anderson, N. 1999. 'The academic field of information
systems in Europe', European Journal of Information Systems
[Electronic], vol. 8, pp. 136-153, Available: Curtin University
Library and Information Service E-Reserve/dc60005019 [2001, Jan.
22].
Electronic
Mail
E-mail
(Personal)
Corliss, B. 1999.
News from Seattle, E-mail to X.Li (xli@uvmvm.uvm.edu), 13 Jan.
[1999, Jan. 15].
Discussion List
Berkowitz, P. 1995.
April 3, 'Sussy's gravestone', Mark Twain Forum [Online],
Apr. 3, Available E-mail: TWAIN-L@yorkvm1.bitnet [1995, Apr. 3].
World Wide
Web
World Wide Web page
Beckleheimer, J.
1994, How do you cite URL's in a bibliography? [Online],
Available: http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/ bibliography.html [1995,
Dec. 13].
World Wide Web page (no
author)
Educating America for
the 21st century: Developing a strategic plan for educational
leadership for Columbia University, 1993-2000 (Initial workshop
draft)
1994 [Online], Available: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/CONF/
EdPlan.html [2001, May 16].
World Wide Web page (no publication
date)
Prizker, T.J. n.d.,
An early fragment from central Nepal, [Online], Available:
http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritker/ pritzker.html [2000, Dec.
12].
More
information
For more detailed information about
the Harvard referencing system, and many more examples, refer to:
Style Manual for
Authors, Editors and Printers 1994. 5th edn, AGPS,
Canberra.
Detailed information about
referencing electronic sources can be found in:
Li, X. & Crane, N.
B. 1996. Electronic Styles: A Handbook for Citing Electronic
Information, 2nd edn, Information Today, Medford, N.J.
The examples in this guide have been
adapted to the Harvard format from this source.
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