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referencing
What is
referencing?
Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignment; in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works must be referenced. There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the Vancouver referencing style. In this system each reference is identified within the text of the assignment by a number. References are numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. Full details of each citation are contained in a numerically arranged list at the end of the assignment. This information sheet is only a guide, and contains
an interpretation of the Vancouver referencing system. For an
authoritative guide to Vancouver referencing, refer to: International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. JAMA 1997; 277:927-34. and for a more detailed guide to referencing electronic information sources refer to:
The information and examples contained in this handout are derived mainly from the above publications. It is very important that you check your department's or school's assignment guide as some details, eg punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this sheet. You may be penalised for not conforming to your school's requirements. Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism; to enable the reader to verify quotations; and to enable readers to follow-up and read more fully the cited author's arguments.
When citing references within the text of an
assignment use only the number of the reference, in parentheses.
References should be numbered consecutively in the order in which
they first appear in the text. Larsen (21) was the first to propound the theory. OR The theory was first propounded in 1970 by Larsen (21). When directly quoting from another source, ensure
that quotation marks are used and the relevant page number(s) are
given. Larsen (21, p. 245) noted that "many of the facts in this case are incorrect". OR "Many of the facts in this case are incorrect" (Larsen (21), pp. 245-6). A reference list contains details only of those
works cited in the text. If relevant sources that are not cited in
the text are included, the list is called a bibliography.
The reference list is arranged numerically by
citation number. Referencing examples from printed sources: Articles/chapters in book:Bibliographic details are arranged in the
sequence:
Article or chapter in a
book Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP, Hypertension and stroke. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editors. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1995. p. 465-78. Article or chapter in a book (no
author) Solving the Y2K problem. In Bowd D, editor. Technology today and tomorrow. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold; 1997. p. 27.
Book with a personal
author Ringsven MK, Bond D. Gerontology and leadership skills for nurses. 2nd ed. Albany (NY): Delmar Publishers; 1996. Book with editor as
author Norman IJ, Redfern SJ, editors. Mental health care for elderly people. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. Organisation as author and
publisher Institute of Medicine (US). Looking at the future of the Medicaid program. Washington: The Institute; 1992. Conference
proceedings Kimura J, Shibasaki H, editors. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1995 Oct 15-19; Kyoto,Japan. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1996. Scientific or Technical
Report Smith P, Golladay K. Payment for durable medical equipment billed during skilled nursing facility stays. Final report. Dallas (TX): Dept. of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Evaluation and Inspections; 1994 Oct.Report No.: HHSIGOEI69200860. Dissertation Kaplan SJ. Post-hospital home health care: the elderly’s access and utilization [dissertation]. St Louis (MO): Washington Univ.; 1995. Patent Larsen CE, Trip R, Johnson CR, inventors; Novoste Corporation, assignee. Methods for procedures related to the electrophysiology of the heart. US patent 5,529,067. 1995 Jun 25.
*Abbreviations must be according to the style used
in Index Medicus. See List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus.
URL:  http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html
**In the Vancouver system, if a journal is
continuously paginated throughout a volume, the month and issue
number may be omitted. Standard Journal Article (List the first six authors, followed by "et al.") Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk of pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:980-3. Journal Article, more than 6
authors Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, Masuyer E, Friesl HP, Ivanov E, et al. Childhood leukaemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 year follow up. Br J Cancer 1996;73:1006-12. Journal Article (no
author) Cancer in South Africa [editorial]. S Afr Med J 1994;84:15. Journal Article organization as
author The Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Clinical exercise stress testing. Safety and performance guidelines. Med J Aust 1996;164:282-4. Newspaper article Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: study estimates 50,000 admissions annually. The Washington Post 1996 Jun 21;Sect. A:3 (col. 5). National Health Act 1953 (Cth), s.98. Pharmacy Act 1964 (WA) s.29. Subsidiary or Delegated
Legislation Patents Regulations 1996 (Cth) s.1. Health (Asbestos) Regulations 1992 (WA) ss.10(2). Western Australian Government Gazette, 1992 22 May. Videorecording HIV+/AIDS: the facts and the future [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book; 1995. Monograph in electronic format CDI, clinical dermatology illustrated [monograph on CD-ROM]. Reeves JRT, Maibach H. CMEA Multimedia Group, producers. 2nd ed. Version 2.0. San Diego: CMEA; 1995. Computer File Hemodynamics III: the ups and downs of hemodynamics [computer program]. Version 2.2. Orlando (FL): Computerized Educational Systems; 1993.
Journal Article Abstract from Electronic
Database Helaleh MI, Korenaga T, Abu Nameh ES, Jamhour RM. [Abstract of: Assay of paracetamol by oxidation with peroxydisulfate. Pharm Acta Helv [electronic] 1999 [cited 2000 Jun 12];73:255-60]. Available from: Silver Platter File: IPA /37-03020. Full text journal article from Electronic
Database Sale P. Carey DM. The sociometric status of students with disabilities in a full inclusion school. Except Child [serial online] 1995 [cited 1998 Jun 12]; 73(5):255-60. Available from: Information Access/Expanded Academic ASAP/A1743539. Full text journal article from an Electronic
Journal Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis [serial online] 1995 Jan-Mar [cited 1996 Jun 5]; 1(1):[24 screens]. Available from: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/eid.htm Article from Curtin Electronic Reserve
Ozben T, Nacitarhan S, Tuncer N. Plasma and urine salic acid in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [electronic]. Ann Clin Biochem 1995 [cited 2001 Feb 24];(Pt 3):303-6. Available from: Curtin University Library & Information Service E-Reserve/dc60012345. E-mail (Personal) Corliss B. News from Seattle. E-mail to Li X, [online] 1999 Jan 13 [cited 1999 Jan 15] Available from: E-mail: xli@uvmvm.uvm.edu Discussion List Berkowitz P. Sussy's gravestone. Mark Twain Forum [online] 1995 April 3 [cited 1995 Apr 3] Available from: E-mail: TWAIN-L@yorkvm1.bitnet Beckleheimer J. How do you cite URL's in a bibliography? [online] 1994 [cited 1995 Dec 13]. Available from: URL: http://www.nrlssc.navy.mil/meta/bibliography.html World Wide Web page (no
author) Educating America for the 21st century: Developing a strategic plan for educational leadership [online] 1994 [cited 1995 May 15]. Available from: URL: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/CONF/EdPlan.html World Wide Web Home Page
Curtin University of Technology. [Homepage of the Curtin University of Technology]. [online] 2000 May 22 last update. [cited 2000 Jun 12]. Available from: URL: http://www.curtin.edu.au/ |
